Online Library

Welcome to VOX-Pol’s Online Library, a research and teaching resource, which collects in one place a large volume of publications related to various aspects of violent online political extremism.

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Type	Title	Year	Author	Links
VOX-Pol Blog	Two-Day Workshop on the Role of Social Media and Internet Companies in Responding to Violent Online Extremism View Abstract Two-Day Workshop on the Role of Social Media and Internet Companies in Responding to Violent Online Extremism VOX-Pol Blog post. View Full Article	2015	Orosz, A.	View Publisher
Journal Article	U.S. Users’ Exposure to YouTube Videos On- and Off-platform View Abstract U.S. Users’ Exposure to YouTube Videos On- and Off-platform YouTube is one of the most important platforms on the Internet. However, it is not just a singular destination: because YouTube videos may be embedded into any website, it is a systemically important platform for the entire web. Unfortunately, existing studies do not examine playable YouTube videos embedded around the web, instead focusing solely on on-platform engagement. In this study we present the first comparison of on- and off-platform playable YouTube video exposure on the desktop web, based on data from a sample of n = 1133 U. S. residents from three cohorts: demographically representative users, heavy YouTube users, and users with high racial resentment. Our dataset includes the URLs of all playable YouTube videos encountered by participants for six months—on YouTube itself or embedded in another website—and the URLs where the videos were encountered. By analyzing this data, we find that less popular websites tend to embed YouTube videos in a disproportionately large percentage of their webpages and that individuals encounter more YouTube videos off-platform than on-platform. We also observe that most YouTube channels only receive exposure from either on- or off-platform sources, and that only-off-platform channels tend to get more exposure than only-on-platform ones. These results underscore the wide reach of YouTube as a service provider for the web and the limitations of studies focusing solely on on-platform activity. Motivated by concerns about online misinformation and hate speech, we also examine how partisan websites embed playable YouTube videos and where videos from problematic channels appear around the web. We find that politically right-leaning websites tend to embed more videos from problematic YouTube channels than centrist or left-leaning websites, and that participants exposed to off-platform videos from problematic channels are significantly more inclined to browse towards on-platform videos from problematic channels. View Full Article	2024	Hu, D., Robertson, R., Hannak, A. and Wilson, C.	View Publisher
Report	UK Insight Report Volume 4 Summary View Abstract UK Insight Report Volume 4 Summary The OCCI Insight Reports equip NGO partners on an ongoing basis with the knowledge needed to develop effective, targeted campaigns. Without access to in-depth, data-driven insights into the fast-evolving landscape of extremist and terrorist propaganda, narratives and networks, it is impossible to mount a proportional targeted response. Additionally, the reports highlight recommendations for future counterspeech campaigning to address the identified narratives. OCCI will work closely with any organisation who is interested in piloting and implementing these recommendations. View Full Article	2018	OCCI	View Publisher
VOX-Pol Blog	UK Online Safety Bill: Ambiguous Definitions of Harm Could Threaten Freedom of Speech – Instead of Protecting It View Abstract UK Online Safety Bill: Ambiguous Definitions of Harm Could Threaten Freedom of Speech – Instead of Protecting It VOX-Pol Blog post. View Full Article	2022	Higson-Bliss, L.	View Publisher
Report	UN, Countering and Addressing Online Hate Speech: A Guide for policy makers and practitioners View Abstract UN, Countering and Addressing Online Hate Speech: A Guide for policy makers and practitioners This document sets up the main recommendations identified through the three years of engagement and dialouge on this topic. It is anchored in the discussions from the round tables. It further builds on the experiences from UN field presences that are working to address these challenges at country level. The paper is the result of a cooperation between my Office and the ESRC Human Rights, Big Data and Technology Project at the University of Essex. I would like to especially thank Ahmed Shaheed, Deputy Director, Essex Human Rights, Big Data and Technology Project and former United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief for this partnership over the last several years and which has resulted in this policy paper. View Full Article	2023	United Nations	View Publisher
Journal Article	Uncovering the Far-Right Online Ecosystem: An Analytical Framework and Research Agenda View Abstract Uncovering the Far-Right Online Ecosystem: An Analytical Framework and Research Agenda Recent years have seen a substantial increase in far-right inspired attacks. In this context, the present article offers an analytical framework for the study of right-wing extremists’ multifaceted and fast-growing activity on the Internet. Specifically, we conceptualize the far-right online presence as a dynamic ecosystem, teasing out four major components that correspond to the different levels of analysis available to future research. We illustrate the benefits of this framework with key illustrative examples from the English-, French-, and German- speaking far-right, revealing the worrying size and breadth – but also heterogeneity – of today’s far-right online ecosystem. View Full Article	2020	Baele, S.J., Brace, L. and Coan, T.G.	View Publisher

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