Internet Referral Unit (IRU)
Policing ‘online radicalization’: the framing of Europol’s Internet Referral Unit
February 20, 2025This chapter examines Europol’s Internet Referral Unit (EU IRU) and its role in the privatized governance of online media within the broader context of transnational law enforcement and European counter-terrorism policy. Established in 2015, the EU IRU monitors online content and recommends takedowns to hosting platforms based on breaches of terms of service, not legal ...
Content moderation: Social media and countering online radicalisation
November 12, 2024As terrorist, extremist, and hateful content has become widespread on social media, platforms have responded with content moderation – the flagging, review, and enforcement of rules and standards on user-generated content online. This chapter provides an introduction to contemporary content moderation practices, technologies, and contexts and outlines key debates in the field. The chapter explores ...
Understanding the Human Rights Risks Associated with Internet Referral Units
August 21, 2024VOX-Pol Blog post. ...
The EU Internet Referral Unit (IRU): Addressing terrorist content online
August 10, 2024VOX-Pol Blog Post. ...
The Tech Industry and the Regulation of Online Terrorist Content: What Do Law Enforcement Think?
August 8, 2024VOX-Pol Blog Post. ...
Informal Internet Censorship: The UK’s Counter Terrorism Internet Referral Unit (CTIRU)
August 6, 2024VOX-Pol Blog Post. ...
Repeated and Extensive Exposure to Online Terrorist Content: Counter-Terrorism Internet Referral Unit Perceived Stresses and Strategies
September 18, 2023U.K. Metropolitan Police Counter-Terrorism Internet Referral Unit (CTIRU) Case Officers (COs) are tasked with identifying, and facilitating the removal of material that breaches the Terrorism Act 2006. COs are extensively and repeatedly exposed to material deemed illegal and harmful (including but not restricted to graphic terrorist and non-terrorist material). However, there is little research on ...