Online Library

Welcome to VOX-Pol’s Online Library, a research and teaching resource, which collects in one place a large volume of publications related to various aspects of violent online political extremism.

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Type	Title	Year	Author	Links
Journal Article	U.S. Users’ Exposure to YouTube Videos On- and Off-platform View Abstract U.S. Users’ Exposure to YouTube Videos On- and Off-platform YouTube is one of the most important platforms on the Internet. However, it is not just a singular destination: because YouTube videos may be embedded into any website, it is a systemically important platform for the entire web. Unfortunately, existing studies do not examine playable YouTube videos embedded around the web, instead focusing solely on on-platform engagement. In this study we present the first comparison of on- and off-platform playable YouTube video exposure on the desktop web, based on data from a sample of n = 1133 U. S. residents from three cohorts: demographically representative users, heavy YouTube users, and users with high racial resentment. Our dataset includes the URLs of all playable YouTube videos encountered by participants for six months—on YouTube itself or embedded in another website—and the URLs where the videos were encountered. By analyzing this data, we find that less popular websites tend to embed YouTube videos in a disproportionately large percentage of their webpages and that individuals encounter more YouTube videos off-platform than on-platform. We also observe that most YouTube channels only receive exposure from either on- or off-platform sources, and that only-off-platform channels tend to get more exposure than only-on-platform ones. These results underscore the wide reach of YouTube as a service provider for the web and the limitations of studies focusing solely on on-platform activity. Motivated by concerns about online misinformation and hate speech, we also examine how partisan websites embed playable YouTube videos and where videos from problematic channels appear around the web. We find that politically right-leaning websites tend to embed more videos from problematic YouTube channels than centrist or left-leaning websites, and that participants exposed to off-platform videos from problematic channels are significantly more inclined to browse towards on-platform videos from problematic channels. View Full Article	2024	Hu, D., Robertson, R., Hannak, A. and Wilson, C.	View Publisher
VOX-Pol Blog	Two-Day Workshop on the Role of Social Media and Internet Companies in Responding to Violent Online Extremism View Abstract Two-Day Workshop on the Role of Social Media and Internet Companies in Responding to Violent Online Extremism VOX-Pol Blog post. View Full Article	2015	Orosz, A.	View Publisher
Journal Article	Two Sides of the Same Coin? A Largescale Comparative Analysis of Extreme Right and Jihadi Online Text(s) View Abstract Two Sides of the Same Coin? A Largescale Comparative Analysis of Extreme Right and Jihadi Online Text(s) This article describes and discusses a comparative semiotic analysis of online text collected from eight extreme right websites and four violent jihadi groups’ online magazines. The two datasets, which comprise just over 1 million words each, were analyzed using LIWC software. The core issues explored were the shared and different linguistic patterns used among extreme right and violent jihadi extremists and the emotional, cognitive, psychological, and social dimensions of the online textual discourses of each ideological grouping and what function these played in their overall political rhetoric. The findings bring to light some nuanced differences and similarities in the cognitive, social, psychological, and temporal dimensions of language used by each. For example, while both types of ideological text showed the same level of certainty in arguments as a cognitive process, the language depicting social and emotional processes, and religion were used more often by the violent jihadi extremists (VJEs) than the extreme right. The findings also point to the fact that VJEs were more likely than right-wing extremists to discuss the future and promise change as motivational incentives. View Full Article	2022	Mehran, W., Herron, S., Miller, B., Lemieux, A.F. and Conway, M.	View Publisher
VOX-Pol Blog	Two Harms of Hate Speech and the Limits of Counter-Speech View Abstract Two Harms of Hate Speech and the Limits of Counter-Speech VOX-Pol Blog post. View Full Article	2024	Jackson, S.	View Publisher
VOX-Pol Blog	Twitter: Not Even Elon Musk Is Wealthy Enough to Bring Absolute Free Speech to the Platform – Here’s Why View Abstract Twitter: Not Even Elon Musk Is Wealthy Enough to Bring Absolute Free Speech to the Platform – Here’s Why VOX-Pol Blog post. View Full Article	2022	Heinze, E.	View Publisher
Report	Twitter and Jihad: the Communication Strategy of ISIS View Abstract Twitter and Jihad: the Communication Strategy of ISIS The capture of Mosul in the summer of 2014 by the self-styled ‘Islamic State’ appears today much more than a significant military event in the complex scenario of the Middle-East and in the tangled situation of Iraq and Syria. Close observers were not surprised. The establishment of the ‘Islamic State’ has characterized most of the recent history of this part of the world and has shown the ability to benefit from the inability to provide a clear answer to all the deep political and social unrest in this region. The symbol of this constant evolution and transformation is found in the various names that have been adopted over the years, from al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI); Islamic State in Iraq (ISI); Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL/ISIS); to the current Islamic State (IS). This aspect should not be overlooked. View Full Article	2015	Maggioni, M. and Magri, P.	View Publisher

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